As someone who has successfully built a thriving microgreens business from the ground up, I’ve learned a lot about the ins and outs of growing these tiny, nutrient-packed plants. Germination, the first and most critical stage in the microgreens lifecycle, can be tricky to get right. But once you understand the process and the key factors that affect it, your chances of success skyrocket. In this article, I’ll walk you through everything you need to know about germinating microgreens, from the best practices to avoid common pitfalls, all from my personal experience as a microgreens farmer.

Why Germination Matters in Microgreens

Before we dive into the nitty-gritty of how to germinate microgreens, it’s important to understand why this process is so crucial. Germination is when your microgreens seeds first sprout and begin to grow. The success of this stage directly impacts the quality, yield, and even the taste of your microgreens. Inconsistent or poor germination can result in weak or uneven crops, and no one wants that when you’re trying to run a successful business.

I know this because I’ve been there. I’ve made mistakes and had batches fail, but each experience helped me refine my process. So, let’s start with the most common questions I get asked about germination.

Do Microgreens Need Light to Germinate?

One of the first things I tell anyone starting with microgreens is that they do not need light to germinate. In fact, keeping them in the dark during this stage is key. When seeds are covered and kept away from light, they focus all their energy on growing a strong root system. The moment you expose them to light, they start to shoot upward toward the light source, using their stored energy to develop leaves.

Here’s how to handle this:

  • Cover your microgreens trays with a lid or another tray to block out light.
  • Keep them in a warm, dark area for the first few days of germination.
  • Only expose them to light after you see the first sprouts breaking through.

This simple tip can be a game-changer for anyone new to microgreens.

Do You Water Microgreens During Germination?

Yes, but you need to be careful. Watering microgreens during germination is essential to maintain the right moisture levels, but too much water can lead to mold or disease, and too little will stop the seeds from sprouting.

Here’s the method I’ve perfected over time:

  • Use a spray bottle to mist the seeds lightly right after planting and then cover the tray.
  • Check the moisture level every day by lifting the cover and feeling the surface of the growing medium. If it feels dry, mist it again.
  • Avoid soaking the soil—excess water can lead to mold or uneven germination, especially in humid conditions.

I made the mistake of over-watering in the beginning, and trust me, dealing with mold is a nightmare. You’ll want to avoid it at all costs by sticking to a light misting routine.

How Long Do Microgreens Take to Germinate?

Germination time depends on the variety of microgreens you’re growing. Some varieties sprout faster than others. For instance, arugula microgreens can germinate in as little as 2-3 days, while basil might take closer to a week.

Here’s a quick overview of average germination times for common microgreens:

  • Arugula: 2-3 days
  • Radish: 2-4 days
  • Broccoli: 3-4 days
  • Basil: 6-7 days
  • Sunflower: 3-5 days

Once your seeds sprout, you can remove the cover and move the tray to a well-lit area to encourage growth.

Optimal Conditions for Microgreens Germination

Getting the right environment for germination is key to having strong, healthy microgreens. Over the years, I’ve learned that temperature, humidity, and airflow are the most important factors for consistent germination.

Here’s what works best for me:

  • Temperature: Keep the environment between 65°F and 75°F. If it’s too cold, the seeds will take longer to germinate, or they might not germinate at all. Too hot, and you risk mold and other problems.
  • Humidity: During germination, maintaining high humidity is essential. Using a lid or plastic dome can help retain moisture. A humidity level of around 40-60% works well.
  • Airflow: After the first few days of germination, make sure there’s enough airflow around your trays to prevent mold. A small fan works wonders in keeping the air circulating.

If you’re in a particularly cold or dry area, consider investing in a germination chamber or propagator to keep conditions stable. I use a germination chamber for delicate varieties like basil, and it’s made a huge difference in my success rate.

Step-by-Step Guide: How to Germinate Microgreens

Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s go step by step through how to germinate microgreens. I’ve used this process for years with consistent success, and I’m confident it will work for you too.

Step 1: Prepare Your Seeds and Medium

  • Soak seeds if necessary (for example, sunflower or pea microgreens benefit from a 4-8 hour soak before planting).
  • Choose your growing medium, such as organic soil, coco coir, or a specialized microgreens grow mat.

Step 2: Plant Your Seeds

  • Spread the seeds evenly across the surface of the growing medium. You don’t need to bury them—just press them lightly into the medium.
  • Mist the seeds with water using a spray bottle until the soil is damp but not soaked.

Step 3: Cover the Tray

  • Place a lid or another tray on top to block light and create a humid environment.
  • Store the trays in a dark, warm area for 2-7 days, depending on the variety.

Step 4: Water and Wait

  • Check the moisture level daily and mist as needed. If the medium feels dry, add more water.
  • Be careful not to over-water, which can lead to mold.

Step 5: Expose to Light

  • Once the seeds have germinated, remove the cover and move the tray to a well-lit area.
  • At this stage, I typically use grow lights, but natural sunlight works if it’s strong enough.

Troubleshooting Common Germination Problems

If things aren’t going smoothly, don’t worry—you’re not alone. I’ve had my fair share of problems during germination, and I’ve learned how to troubleshoot them effectively.

1. Mold Growth

  • Problem: Mold is one of the biggest headaches when germinating microgreens, especially in humid conditions.
  • Solution: To avoid mold, reduce humidity after germination by removing the cover and increasing airflow. You can also use a diluted solution of hydrogen peroxide (1 tablespoon per quart of water) to mist the surface and prevent mold from forming.

2. Uneven Germination

  • Problem: Some seeds sprout faster than others, leaving you with uneven growth.
  • Solution: Make sure your seeds are spread evenly across the tray and aren’t overcrowded. Uneven watering or temperature fluctuations can also cause uneven germination, so check your environment carefully.

3. Seeds Not Germinating

  • Problem: If your seeds aren’t sprouting at all, the issue might be with the seeds, water, or temperature.
  • Solution: Ensure that you’re using high-quality seeds. Check that your growing medium is consistently moist but not waterlogged, and make sure the temperature is within the optimal range (65°F-75°F).

Microgreens vs. Sprouts: What’s the Difference?

This is a common question, and I completely understand why it’s confusing. Both microgreens and sprouts are young plants, but they’re grown very differently.

  • Sprouts are grown by soaking seeds in water until they germinate and develop small roots. The entire sprout is eaten, including the seed.
  • Microgreens, on the other hand, are grown in soil or a growing medium and harvested once the first true leaves appear.

The key difference is that microgreens are exposed to light and have a more developed root system, which gives them their signature vibrant colors and flavors. They also tend to have a more complex nutritional profile than sprouts.

Special Varieties: Broccoli, Radish, Pea, and Sunflower Microgreens

Each type of microgreen has its own unique characteristics and growing needs. From my experience, broccoli, radish, pea, and sunflower microgreens are some of the most popular varieties, and they each come with their own specific germination times.

Broccoli Microgreens

  • Germination Time: 3-4 days
  • Special Notes: Broccoli microgreens are rich in sulforaphane, making them a superfood favorite. They’re also fairly easy to grow, making them a great option for beginners.

Radish Microgreens

  • Germination Time: 2-3 days
  • Special Notes: Radish microgreens have a spicy kick and germinate very quickly. They also have a striking red stem, which makes them visually appealing for garnishes.

Pea Microgreens

  • Germination Time: 4-5 days
  • Special Notes: Pea microgreens are known for their sweet, tender shoots. They need to be soaked before planting for best results.

Sunflower Microgreens

  • Germination Time: 3-5 days
  • Special Notes: Sunflower microgreens are packed with protein and have a nutty flavor. Make sure to soak the seeds for 6-8 hours before planting to improve germination.

How Long From Germination to Harvest?

Once your microgreens have germinated, the clock starts ticking until harvest. On average, most microgreens are ready to harvest 7-21 days after germination, but this depends on the variety.

  • Arugula and Radish: Ready in 7-10 days
  • Broccoli: Ready in 10-14 days
  • Basil and Swiss Chard: These can take up to 20 days

When it’s time to harvest, I use clean, sharp scissors to cut the microgreens just above the soil line. After harvesting, store them in an airtight container in the refrigerator to keep them fresh.

Tools to Improve Germination

Over time, I’ve invested in a few key tools that have helped me increase my germination success rate. If you’re serious about growing microgreens—whether for home use or to start your own business—these tools can make a big difference.

1. Germination Chamber

A germination chamber is a controlled environment that maintains the perfect temperature and humidity for your microgreens to germinate. I use one for delicate varieties like basil and Swiss chard, and it’s been a game-changer for consistent results.

2. Grow Lights

Even though natural sunlight can work, I’ve found that grow lights provide more reliable and consistent light, especially during the winter months or in areas with less sunlight. I use full-spectrum LED lights, which give my microgreens the energy they need to grow fast and strong.

3. Heat Mat

If you’re growing in a colder environment, a heat mat under your trays can help maintain the ideal soil temperature for germination. This is especially helpful in the winter months when room temperatures can drop.

Conclusion: Germination Success Starts with the Right Knowledge

As a microgreens farmer who’s been through it all, I can confidently say that understanding and mastering the germination process is the foundation for growing healthy, vibrant microgreens. From controlling the environment to troubleshooting issues like mold or uneven growth, each step is crucial to your success.

Whether you’re growing microgreens as a hobby or planning to start a business, follow these tips, and you’ll be on your way to cultivating beautiful microgreens every time. With the right tools and a little patience, germinating microgreens will become second nature, and you’ll soon enjoy the fruits of your labor.